Three theories of judicial balancing: A comparison
Izvleček
This paper attempts to analyse three of the most prominent
theories of judicial balancing, considering both their presuppositions
on the nature of value judgements and their relations with
the problem of rationality: a) the first is the theory developed by
Riccardo Guastini: it is realist and emotivist; b) the second is the
logicist and objectivist theory proposed by José Juan Moreso; and
c) the third is Robert Alexy’s well-known theory of balancing, which
is procedural in a strict sense and can be considered a half-way
point between particularism and universalism. Of these three
theories, only the first one provides a real descriptive model.
References
Carlos E. Alchourrón, Law and Logic, in “Ratio Juris” No.9 (1996) 331
Carlos E. Alchourrón and Eugenio Bulygin, Normative Systems, Springer-Verlag, Wien-New York,
1971
Alexander Aleinikoff, Constitutional Law in the Age of Balancing, in “Yale Law Journal” Vol.96 (1987)
94
Robert Alexy, Theorie der Grundrechte (1985), English translation: A Theory of Constitutional Rights,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002
Robert Alexy, On Balancing and Subsumption. A structural Comparison, in “Ratio Juris” No.16 (2003)
433
Robert Alexy, The Construction of Constitutional Rights, in “Law and Ethics of Human Rights”, Vol.4
(2010) 22
Kenneth J. Arrow, Some Ordinalist-Utilitaian Notes on Rawls’ Theory of Justice, in “Journal of Philosophy”,
Vol. 70, (1973) 245
Robert Audi, Moderate Intuitionism and the Epistemology of Moral Judgement, in “Ethical Theory and
Moral Practice”, Vol.1, No.1 (1998) 15
Robert Audi, The Good in the Right, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004
Mauro Barberis, Etica per giuristi, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 2006
Mauro Barberis, Europa del diritto, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2009
Mauro Barberis, Manuale di filosofia del diritto, Giappichelli, Torino, 2011
Mauro Barberis, Esiste il neocostituzionalismo, in Analisi e Diritto 2011, Paolo Comanducci e Riccardo
Guastini (eds), Marcial Pons, 2011, 11
Carlos Bernal Pulido, The Rationality of Balancing, in “Archiv für Rechts und Sozialphilosophie”,
Vol.92 No.2, 2006, 71
Claudia Bianchi, La dipendenza contestuale. Per una teoria pragmatic del significato, Edizioni Scientifiche
Italiane, Napoli, 2001
Herman Cappelen & John Howthorne, Relativism and Monadic Truth, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2009
Bruno Celano, ‘Defeasibility’ e bilanciamento. Sulla possibilità di revisioni stabili, in “Ragion Pratica”,
No.18 (2002) 223
Bruno Celano, Commenti a José Juan Moreso El reino de los derechos y la objectividad de la moral,
in Enrico Diciotti (ed.) Diritti umani e oggettività della morale, DiGiPs Università di Siena, Siena,
2003, 41
Ruth Chang, Introduction, in R. Chang (ed.), Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical
Reason, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, Harvard 1997, 1
Riccardo Guastini, Interpretive Statements, in C.E. Alchourrón, E Bulygin (eds) Normative Systems in
Legal and Moral Theory, Duncker & Humbolt, Berlin, 1997, 280
Jonathan Dancy, Moral Reasons, Blackwell, Oxford-Cambridge, 1993
Jonathan Dancy, Ethics without Principles, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2004
Ricardo Guastini, Rules, Validity and Statutory Construction in Anna Pintore & Mario Jori (eds), Law
and Language – The Italian Analytical School, Deborah Charles Publications, Liverpool, 1997
Riccardo Guastini, Rules Scepticism Restated, in Leslie Green & Brian Leiter (eds), Oxford Studies in
Philosophy of Law, Vol. I, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, 2011
Riccardo Guastini,
Joshua D. Green et al., An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgement, in “Science”,
293 (2001) 2105
Axel Hägerström, Fragan Der Objective Rattens Begrepp, partially translated in Inquires into the Nature
of Law and Morals, Karl Olivecrona (ed.), Almqvist and Wiksells boktr, Uppsala, 1953
Max Kölbel, Expressivism and the Syntactic Uniformity of Declarative Sentences, in “Critica: Revista
Hispanoamericana de Filosofía”, Vol.17, No.87 (1997) 2
Max Kölbel - M.C. Carpintero (eds), Relative Truth, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008
Tomas Nadelhoffer and Adam Felz, The Actor-Observer and Moral Intuitions: Adding Fuel to Sinnott-
Armstrong’s Fire in “Neuroethics”No.1 (2) 133
Pierluigi Chiassoni, Interpretive Games: Statutory Construction through Gricean Eyes, in Paolo Comanducci
e Riccardo Guastini, Analisi e diritto 1999, Torino Giappichelli, 2000, 79
Paul Grice, ‘Logic and Conversation’ (1967), in The Logic of Grammar, D. Davidson and G. Harman
(eds), Encino, 1975, reprinted in Studies in the Way of Words, Cambridge, Harvard University Press
1989
Wesley N. Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other
Essays, Yale University Press, 1919
Alice M. Isen & Paula F. Levin, Effect of Feeling Good on Helping: Cookies and Kindness in “Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology”, No.21 (1972) 384
Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, Amos Tversky (eds), Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and
Biases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, in “Econometrica”,
No.47 (1979) 226
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1949
Hans Kelsen, Reine Rechtslehere, Second Edition 1960, English Translation, The Pure Theory of Law,
University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 1967, reprinted by The Lawbook Exchange Ltd, Clark, NJ
Hans Kelsen, The Law of the United Nations, Stevens & Sons, London, 1950
Max Kölbel, Expressivism and the Syntactic Uniformity of Declarative Sentences, in “Critica: Revista
Hispanoamericana de Filosofía”, Vol.17, No.87 (1997) 2
Max Kölbel - M.C. Carpintero (eds), Relative Truth, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008
David Lewis, “Dispositional Theories of Values”, in David Lewis, Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983) 68
Neil MacCormick, Rights, Claim and Remedies, in “Law and Philosophy” No.1 (1982) at 337
John L. McKie, Ethics, Inventing Right and Wrong, First Published in Pelican Books, London, 1977,
reprinted in Penguin Books, London, 1990.
Sean McKeever and Michael Ridge, Principled Ethics. Generalism as a Regulative Ideal, Oxford University
Press, New York, 2006 at 14
Elijah Millgram, Ethics Done Right, Practical Reasoning for a Foundation of Legal Theory, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge-New York, 2005
Patricia Mindus, A Real Mind. The Life and Work of Axel Hägerström, Springer, Dordrecht, 2009
Ezra J. Mishan, Choices Involving Risk: Simple Steps Toward a Ordinalist Analysis, in “The Economic
Journal”, Vol. 86, No.344 (1976) at 759
José Juan Moreso, A proposito di revisioni stabili, casi paradigmatici e ideali regolativi: replica a
Celano, in
“Ragion Pratica”, No.18 (2002) at 241
José Juan Moreso, La Constitución: modelo para armar, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2009
José Juan Moreso, Ways of Solving Constitutional Rights,: Proportionalism and Specificationism,
forthcoming in “Ratio Juris” 2012
Tomas Nadelhoffer and Adam Felz, The Actor-Observer and Moral Intuitions: Adding Fuel to Sinnott-
Armstrong’s Fire in “Neuroethics”Vol.1 No.2 (2009) 133
Giorgio Pino, Diritti e Interpretazione, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2010
Jean Baptiste-Pointel, Balancing in a Vector Space, Special Workshop “Legal Reasoning: the Methods
of
Balancing”, XXIV IVR World Congress, Beijing, 15-20 September 2009
Roscoe Pound, Justice According to Law, in “The Mid-West Quarterly” Vol.1 No.3 (1914) 223
Roscoe Pound, A Survey of Social Interests, in “Harvard Law Review” Vol.17 No.1 (1943) 75
Kihn Luan Phan et al., Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotions: A Meta-Analysis of Emotion Activation
Studies in
PET and fMRI, in “Neuro Image”, No.16 (2002) 331
Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986
Henry S. Richardson, Practical Reasoning about Final Ends, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-
New York, 1997
Francois Récanati, Direct Reference: From Language to Thought, Blackwell, Oxford, 1993
Michel Rosenfeld, Constitutional Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Contrast,
in “International Journal of Constitutional Law”, No.4 (2004) 633
Alf Ross, On The Logical Nature of Propositions of Value, in “Theoria”, Vol.11 No.3 (1945) 172.
Alf Ross, On Law and Justice, London, Stevens & Sons Limited, 1958
William D. Ross, The Right and the Good, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1930
Mark Shroeder, Being For: Evaluating the Semantic Program of Expressivism, Oxford University
Press, New
York, 2010
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Moral Intuitionism Meets Empirical Psychology, in Terry Hogan and Max
Timmons (eds), Metaethics After Moore, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006 339
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Moral Scepticisms, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Framing Moral Intuitions, in Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.) Moral Psychology,
Vol. II. The Cognitive Science of Morality: Intuition and Diversity, MIT Press, Cambridge,
2008, 47
Walter-Sinnott Armstrong, How to Apply Generalities: Reply to Tolhurs and Shafer-Landau, in Walter
Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.) Moral Psychology, Vol. II. The Cognitive Science of Morality: Intuition and
Diversity, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2008, 87
Michael Smith in The Moral Problem, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1994
Charles Stevenson, Facts and Values, Yale University Press, New Heaven, 1963
Peter F. Strawson, Ethical Intuitionism, In “Philosophy”, Vol.24, No.88, (1949) 23
Massimiliano Vignolo, Use against Skepticism, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 2009
Georg H. Von Wright, Valuations – or How to Say the Unsayable, in “Ratio Juris”, Vol.13 No.4 (2000)
347
Carl Wellman, Real Rights, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995
Jeremy Waldron, Rights in Conflict, in “Ethics” No. 99, 1989, 503
David Wiggins, Sameness and Substance Renewed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New
York, 2001, Second Edition
Carlos E. Alchourrón and Eugenio Bulygin, Normative Systems, Springer-Verlag, Wien-New York,
1971
Alexander Aleinikoff, Constitutional Law in the Age of Balancing, in “Yale Law Journal” Vol.96 (1987)
94
Robert Alexy, Theorie der Grundrechte (1985), English translation: A Theory of Constitutional Rights,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002
Robert Alexy, On Balancing and Subsumption. A structural Comparison, in “Ratio Juris” No.16 (2003)
433
Robert Alexy, The Construction of Constitutional Rights, in “Law and Ethics of Human Rights”, Vol.4
(2010) 22
Kenneth J. Arrow, Some Ordinalist-Utilitaian Notes on Rawls’ Theory of Justice, in “Journal of Philosophy”,
Vol. 70, (1973) 245
Robert Audi, Moderate Intuitionism and the Epistemology of Moral Judgement, in “Ethical Theory and
Moral Practice”, Vol.1, No.1 (1998) 15
Robert Audi, The Good in the Right, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004
Mauro Barberis, Etica per giuristi, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 2006
Mauro Barberis, Europa del diritto, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2009
Mauro Barberis, Manuale di filosofia del diritto, Giappichelli, Torino, 2011
Mauro Barberis, Esiste il neocostituzionalismo, in Analisi e Diritto 2011, Paolo Comanducci e Riccardo
Guastini (eds), Marcial Pons, 2011, 11
Carlos Bernal Pulido, The Rationality of Balancing, in “Archiv für Rechts und Sozialphilosophie”,
Vol.92 No.2, 2006, 71
Claudia Bianchi, La dipendenza contestuale. Per una teoria pragmatic del significato, Edizioni Scientifiche
Italiane, Napoli, 2001
Herman Cappelen & John Howthorne, Relativism and Monadic Truth, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2009
Bruno Celano, ‘Defeasibility’ e bilanciamento. Sulla possibilità di revisioni stabili, in “Ragion Pratica”,
No.18 (2002) 223
Bruno Celano, Commenti a José Juan Moreso El reino de los derechos y la objectividad de la moral,
in Enrico Diciotti (ed.) Diritti umani e oggettività della morale, DiGiPs Università di Siena, Siena,
2003, 41
Ruth Chang, Introduction, in R. Chang (ed.), Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical
Reason, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, Harvard 1997, 1
Riccardo Guastini, Interpretive Statements, in C.E. Alchourrón, E Bulygin (eds) Normative Systems in
Legal and Moral Theory, Duncker & Humbolt, Berlin, 1997, 280
Jonathan Dancy, Moral Reasons, Blackwell, Oxford-Cambridge, 1993
Jonathan Dancy, Ethics without Principles, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2004
Ricardo Guastini, Rules, Validity and Statutory Construction in Anna Pintore & Mario Jori (eds), Law
and Language – The Italian Analytical School, Deborah Charles Publications, Liverpool, 1997
Riccardo Guastini, Rules Scepticism Restated, in Leslie Green & Brian Leiter (eds), Oxford Studies in
Philosophy of Law, Vol. I, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, 2011
Riccardo Guastini,
Joshua D. Green et al., An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgement, in “Science”,
293 (2001) 2105
Axel Hägerström, Fragan Der Objective Rattens Begrepp, partially translated in Inquires into the Nature
of Law and Morals, Karl Olivecrona (ed.), Almqvist and Wiksells boktr, Uppsala, 1953
Max Kölbel, Expressivism and the Syntactic Uniformity of Declarative Sentences, in “Critica: Revista
Hispanoamericana de Filosofía”, Vol.17, No.87 (1997) 2
Max Kölbel - M.C. Carpintero (eds), Relative Truth, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008
Tomas Nadelhoffer and Adam Felz, The Actor-Observer and Moral Intuitions: Adding Fuel to Sinnott-
Armstrong’s Fire in “Neuroethics”No.1 (2) 133
Pierluigi Chiassoni, Interpretive Games: Statutory Construction through Gricean Eyes, in Paolo Comanducci
e Riccardo Guastini, Analisi e diritto 1999, Torino Giappichelli, 2000, 79
Paul Grice, ‘Logic and Conversation’ (1967), in The Logic of Grammar, D. Davidson and G. Harman
(eds), Encino, 1975, reprinted in Studies in the Way of Words, Cambridge, Harvard University Press
1989
Wesley N. Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other
Essays, Yale University Press, 1919
Alice M. Isen & Paula F. Levin, Effect of Feeling Good on Helping: Cookies and Kindness in “Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology”, No.21 (1972) 384
Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, Amos Tversky (eds), Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and
Biases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, in “Econometrica”,
No.47 (1979) 226
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1949
Hans Kelsen, Reine Rechtslehere, Second Edition 1960, English Translation, The Pure Theory of Law,
University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 1967, reprinted by The Lawbook Exchange Ltd, Clark, NJ
Hans Kelsen, The Law of the United Nations, Stevens & Sons, London, 1950
Max Kölbel, Expressivism and the Syntactic Uniformity of Declarative Sentences, in “Critica: Revista
Hispanoamericana de Filosofía”, Vol.17, No.87 (1997) 2
Max Kölbel - M.C. Carpintero (eds), Relative Truth, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008
David Lewis, “Dispositional Theories of Values”, in David Lewis, Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983) 68
Neil MacCormick, Rights, Claim and Remedies, in “Law and Philosophy” No.1 (1982) at 337
John L. McKie, Ethics, Inventing Right and Wrong, First Published in Pelican Books, London, 1977,
reprinted in Penguin Books, London, 1990.
Sean McKeever and Michael Ridge, Principled Ethics. Generalism as a Regulative Ideal, Oxford University
Press, New York, 2006 at 14
Elijah Millgram, Ethics Done Right, Practical Reasoning for a Foundation of Legal Theory, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge-New York, 2005
Patricia Mindus, A Real Mind. The Life and Work of Axel Hägerström, Springer, Dordrecht, 2009
Ezra J. Mishan, Choices Involving Risk: Simple Steps Toward a Ordinalist Analysis, in “The Economic
Journal”, Vol. 86, No.344 (1976) at 759
José Juan Moreso, A proposito di revisioni stabili, casi paradigmatici e ideali regolativi: replica a
Celano, in
“Ragion Pratica”, No.18 (2002) at 241
José Juan Moreso, La Constitución: modelo para armar, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2009
José Juan Moreso, Ways of Solving Constitutional Rights,: Proportionalism and Specificationism,
forthcoming in “Ratio Juris” 2012
Tomas Nadelhoffer and Adam Felz, The Actor-Observer and Moral Intuitions: Adding Fuel to Sinnott-
Armstrong’s Fire in “Neuroethics”Vol.1 No.2 (2009) 133
Giorgio Pino, Diritti e Interpretazione, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2010
Jean Baptiste-Pointel, Balancing in a Vector Space, Special Workshop “Legal Reasoning: the Methods
of
Balancing”, XXIV IVR World Congress, Beijing, 15-20 September 2009
Roscoe Pound, Justice According to Law, in “The Mid-West Quarterly” Vol.1 No.3 (1914) 223
Roscoe Pound, A Survey of Social Interests, in “Harvard Law Review” Vol.17 No.1 (1943) 75
Kihn Luan Phan et al., Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotions: A Meta-Analysis of Emotion Activation
Studies in
PET and fMRI, in “Neuro Image”, No.16 (2002) 331
Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986
Henry S. Richardson, Practical Reasoning about Final Ends, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-
New York, 1997
Francois Récanati, Direct Reference: From Language to Thought, Blackwell, Oxford, 1993
Michel Rosenfeld, Constitutional Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Contrast,
in “International Journal of Constitutional Law”, No.4 (2004) 633
Alf Ross, On The Logical Nature of Propositions of Value, in “Theoria”, Vol.11 No.3 (1945) 172.
Alf Ross, On Law and Justice, London, Stevens & Sons Limited, 1958
William D. Ross, The Right and the Good, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1930
Mark Shroeder, Being For: Evaluating the Semantic Program of Expressivism, Oxford University
Press, New
York, 2010
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Moral Intuitionism Meets Empirical Psychology, in Terry Hogan and Max
Timmons (eds), Metaethics After Moore, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006 339
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Moral Scepticisms, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Framing Moral Intuitions, in Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.) Moral Psychology,
Vol. II. The Cognitive Science of Morality: Intuition and Diversity, MIT Press, Cambridge,
2008, 47
Walter-Sinnott Armstrong, How to Apply Generalities: Reply to Tolhurs and Shafer-Landau, in Walter
Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.) Moral Psychology, Vol. II. The Cognitive Science of Morality: Intuition and
Diversity, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2008, 87
Michael Smith in The Moral Problem, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1994
Charles Stevenson, Facts and Values, Yale University Press, New Heaven, 1963
Peter F. Strawson, Ethical Intuitionism, In “Philosophy”, Vol.24, No.88, (1949) 23
Massimiliano Vignolo, Use against Skepticism, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 2009
Georg H. Von Wright, Valuations – or How to Say the Unsayable, in “Ratio Juris”, Vol.13 No.4 (2000)
347
Carl Wellman, Real Rights, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995
Jeremy Waldron, Rights in Conflict, in “Ethics” No. 99, 1989, 503
David Wiggins, Sameness and Substance Renewed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New
York, 2001, Second Edition
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