The Emergence of a New Branch of International Law Dealing with Response, Assistance and the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters
Izvleček
Zadnji razpoložljivi podatki nedvomno kažejo na zaskrbljujoči
trend večanja pogostosti naravnih nesreč ter njihovih uničujočih
posledic, tako po številu žrtev nesreč kot po materialni škodi, ki jo
povzročijo. V zadnjih desetletjih se je vidno okrepila tudi mednarodna
udeležba pri humanitarnih aktivnostih in ukrepanju v primeru
nesreč, tako s strani držav in mednarodnih organizacij kot tudi
nevladnih akterjev. A hkrati je postalo očitno, da tem humanitarnim
naporom in aktivnostim v praksi ni sledil ustrezen napredek
mednarodnega prava na tem področju. Medtem ko se je v okviru
mednarodnega humanitarnega prava razvil obsežen korpus pravil,
ki urejajo humanitarno pomoč žrtvam v času vojn, doslej nismo bili
priča oblikovanju in splošnemu sprejetju primerljivega celovitega
pravnega okvira, ki bi blažil posledice nesreč v času miru, še posebej
naravnih katastrof.
Znanstveni članek utemeljuje, kaj v sodobni mednarodnopravni
teoriji in doktrini predstavlja nov izraz »pravo mednarodnega
ukrepanja ob nesrečah« (v angl. international disaster
response law (IDRL) ter ali bi se takšen pravni režim, ki ureja
mednarodno pomoč in zaščito žrtev v primeru nesreč v času
miru, lahko uveljavil kot nova, posebna veja mednarodnega prava.
V članku so predstavljeni glavni nameni, cilji in lastnosti tega
prava kot tudi njegova vsebina, definicija in razmerje do mednarodnega
humanitarnega prava. Del raziskave je tudi oris zgodovinskega
nastanka mednarodnega prava na tem področju, podrobno
so obravnavani najnovejši razvoj in aktivnosti, posebej
v okviru študije Mednarodne fundacije za Rdeči križ in Rdeči
polmesec ter Mednarodne komisije Združenih narodov za mednarodno
pravo.
Članek potrjuje, da obstaja potreba po razvoju mednarodnega
prava, ki bo na univerzalni ravni jasno opredelilo temeljna načela,
postopke ter pravice in dolžnosti ob mednarodnem ukrepanju,
nudenju pomoči ter zaščiti žrtev v primeru naravnih katastrof.
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assistance of the United Nations, 2010.
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in the field of natural disasters, from relief to development, 2010.
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assistance of the United Nations, 2010.
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Red Crescent, Geneva, 1995.
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135, No. 3115.
Disaster laws, Discussion paper, Sub-themes proposed for the 31st International Conference of the
Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva, 2011, http://www.ifrc.org/idrl (1.10.2012).
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General – Addendum: UN Document A/39/267/Add. 2 -E/1984/96/Add.2, 1984.
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Report of the 59th Conference, Belgrade, 1980.
El Baradei Mohamed (ed.), Model Rules for Disaster Relief Operations, UN Institute for Training and
Research, New York, 1982.
Fisher David, Law and Legal Issues in International Disaster Response: A Desk Study, International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, 2007.
Framework Convention on Civil Defense Assistance, 2000, http://untreaty.un.org/
unts/144078_158780/16/2/7149.pdf (1.11.2012).
Fourth report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters by Special Rapporteur, UN Document
A/CN.4/643, 2011.
Guha-Sapir Debby et al., Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2010 – The numbers and trends, Centre for Research
on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 2010.
Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery
Assistance (IDRL Guidelines), 30th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent,
2007, http://www.ifrc.org/global/publications/idrl/resources/guidelines.asp (15.10.2012).
Guiding Principles on the Right to Humanitarian Assistance, International Institute for Humanitarian
Law, 1993, http://www.iihl.org/iihl/Album/GUIDING%20PRINCIPLES.doc (1.11.2012).
Hoffman Michael, Towards an international disaster response law, World Disasters Report 2000, International
Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, (2000), pp. 144-157.
Hoffman Michael, What is the scope of international disaster response law?, in: International Disaster
Response Laws, Principles and Practice: Reflections, Prospects, and Challenges, International Federation
of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2003), pp. 13-20.
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations
of Natural Disasters, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2011, http://
ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/Operational%20Guidelines.pdf (1.11.2012).
International Disaster Response Laws (IDRL): Project Report 2002-2003, 28th International Conference
of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies, 2003.
International Disaster Response Laws, Rules and Principles (IDRL) Programme: Annual Report 2010,
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2011.
Jakovljević Boško, International disaster relief law, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 34 (2004),
pp. 251-286.
Macalister-Smith Peter, Disaster Relief: Reflections on the Role of International Law, Zeitschrift für
ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Max-Planck-Institut, Vol. 45 (1985), pp. 25-43.
Macalister-Smith Peter, International guidelines for humanitarian assistance operations, Max Planck
Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, 1991.
Macalister-Smith Peter, International Humanitarian Assistance: Disaster Relief Actions in International
Law and Organization, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1985.
Macalister-Smith Peter, Reflections on the Convention Establishing an International Relief Union of
July 12, 1927, Legal History Review, Vol. 54 (1986), pp. 363-374.
Model Act for the Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance,
Pilot Version, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2011,http://
www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/idrl/model-act-on-idrl (19.10.2012).
Principles and Rules of Red Cross and Red Crescent Disaster Relief, 21stInternational Conference of
the Red Cross, Istanbul 1969, amended in 1973, 1977, 1981, 1986 and 1995.
Preliminary report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters by Special Rapporteur, UN
Document A/CN.4/598, 2008.
Progress in the implementation of the Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of
International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance, Background report, 31st International
Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, International Conference of the Red Cross and
Red Crescent, Geneva, 2011.
Report of the International Law Commission, Sixty-first session, 2009, General Assembly Official
Records, Sixty-fourth session, Supplement No. 10, UN Document A/64/10.
Report of the International Law Commission, Sixty-second session, 2010, General Assembly Official
Records, Sixty-fifth session, Supplement No. 10, UN Document A/65/10.
Report of the International Law Commission, Sixty-third session, 2011, General Assembly Official
Records, Sixty-sixth session, Supplement No. 10, UN Document A/66/10 and Add.1.
Resolution 5, International Disaster Response Law, Red Cross and Red Crescent Council of Delegates,
2001.
Resolution on strengthening normative frameworks and addressing regulatory barriers concerning
disaster mitigation, response and recovery, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and
Red Crescent, 2011.
The Right Aid at the Right Time, Progress report on the Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and
Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance, International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, 2009.
Second report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters by Special Rapporteur, UN Document
A/CN.4/615, 2009.
Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and
Relief Operations, 1998,http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/emergencytelecoms/tampere.html (1.11.2012).
Third report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters by Special Rapporteur, UN Document
A/CN.4/629, 2010.
Thürer Daniel, Dunant’s pyramid: Thoughts on the “humanitarian space”, International Review of the
Red Cross, Vol. 865 (2007), pp. 49-55.
Toman Jiři, Towards a Disaster Relief Law: Legal Aspects of Disaster Relief Operations, in Kalshoven
Frits (ed.), Assisting the Victims of Armed Conflicts and Other Disasters: Papers delivered at the
International Conference on Humanitarian Assistance in Armed Conflict, The Hague, 22-24 June
1988, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989, pp. 181-199.
UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182 on Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian
emergency assistance of the United Nations, 1991.
UN General Assembly Resolution 63/137 on Strengthening emergency relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction
and prevention in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster, 2008.
UN General Assembly Resolution 63/139 on Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian
assistance of the United Nations, 2008.
UN General Assembly Resolution 63/141 on International cooperation on humanitarian assistance in
the field of natural disasters, from relief to development, 2008.
UN General Assembly Resolution 64/76 on Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian
assistance of the United Nations, 2010.
UN General Assembly Resolution 64/251 on International cooperation on humanitarian assistance
in the field of natural disasters, from relief to development, 2010.
UN General Assembly Resolution 65/133 on Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian
assistance of the United Nations, 2010.
UN General Assembly Resolution 65/264 on International cooperation on humanitarian assistance
in the field of natural disasters, from relief to development, 2011.
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2018-12-23
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